Founder glossary

Every term, in plain words.

The business and finance vocabulary you'll meet while building your plan — defined simply.

Amortization / Depreciation

Accounting spread of an asset's cost (equipment, machinery) over its useful life, rather than all at once.

Balance sheet

A snapshot of a company's worth at a point in time: what it owns (assets) and what it owes (liabilities).

Break-even point

The point (in date or volume) where revenue exactly covers costs. Beyond it, the business makes money.

Break-even revenue

The minimum revenue a business must reach to cover all its costs. Expressed in currency, whereas break-even is often expressed as a date.

Business model

How a company creates value and makes money: what it sells, to whom, how, and at what profitability.

Business plan

A structured document presenting a business project: market, strategy, team and financial forecasts. Used to convince banks and investors.

CAC (Customer acquisition cost)

The average cost to acquire one new customer (marketing + sales spend divided by customers won).

Cash / Treasury

Money immediately available in a company's accounts. Running out of cash is the leading cause of failure for young businesses.

Cash flow

Money actually coming in and going out over a period. A company can be profitable on paper yet short on cash flow.

EBITDA

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Measures pure operating profitability, independent of financing.

Financial forecast

A quantified projection of activity over 3 to 5 years: expected revenue, costs, profit and cash.

Fixed costs

Costs that don't vary with activity: rent, salaries, subscriptions. Payable even with no sales.

Fundraising

An operation where a company raises capital from investors (angels, funds) in exchange for equity.

Gross margin

The difference between revenue and the direct cost of goods or services sold. The first profitability indicator.

Income statement

A statement summarizing income and expenses over a period to show profit or loss.

LTV (Lifetime value)

Total revenue a customer generates over their whole relationship with the company. Compared to CAC, it shows whether the model is profitable.

MVP (Minimum viable product)

The simplest version of a product, enough to test the market and learn before investing further.

Market research

Analysis of demand, competition and trends in a market, to confirm a project has a place before launching.

Net margin

Final profit relative to revenue, once all costs are deducted. Expressed as a percentage.

Personal contribution

The amount the founder invests themselves. Reassures banks: a higher contribution lowers perceived risk.

Pitch deck

A short presentation (10-15 slides) meant to convince investors: problem, solution, market, team, numbers.

Pivot

A strategic change of direction (target, product, model) when the initial approach isn't working.

ROI (Return on investment)

A measure of the gain generated relative to the amount invested. Shows whether a spend is worthwhile.

Revenue / Turnover

Total sales over a period, before tax. It's gross income, not profit.

SWOT

A strategic analysis matrix: Strengths, Weaknesses (internal), Opportunities and Threats (external).

Share capital

The amount contributed by shareholders when the company is created, in exchange for shares.

TAM / SAM / SOM

Three market sizes: total (TAM), serviceable (SAM) and obtainable (SOM). Used to quantify the opportunity.

Valuation

An estimate of a company's worth, notably during a fundraise or a sale.

Variable costs

Costs that rise with activity: raw materials, commissions, shipping fees.

Working capital

Stable resources available to fund the operating cycle. The counterpart to the working capital requirement for managing cash.

Working capital requirement

Cash a business needs to fund its operating cycle (inventory, receivables) before being paid. A poorly anticipated requirement is a frequent cause of tight cash flow.

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